Deep-Learning-CNN for Detecting Covered Faces with Niqab

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Media and Game Innovation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. 2School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.

2 Professor, Media and Game Innovation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. 2School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.

3 Ph.D. Candidate, Media and Game Innovation Centre of Excellence, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.

Abstract

Detecting occluded faces is a non-trivial problem for face detection in computer vision. This challenge becomes more difficult when the occlusion covers majority of the face. Despite the high performance of current state-of-the-art face detection algorithms, the detection of occluded and covered faces is an unsolved problem and is still worthy of study. In this paper, a deep-learning-face-detection model Niqab-Face-Detector is proposed along with context-based labeling technique for detecting unconstrained veiled faces such as faces covered with niqab. An experimental test was conducted to evaluate the performances of the proposed model using the Niqab-Face dataset. The experiment showed encouraging results and improved accuracy compared with state-of-the-art face detection algorithms

Keywords


Alafif, T., Hailat, Z., Aslan, M., & Chen, X. (2017). On detecting partially occluded faces with pose variations. Paper presented at the 2017 14th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms and Networks & 2017 11th International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology & 2017 Third International Symposium of Creative Computing (ISPAN-FCST-ISCC).
Alashbi, A. A. S., & Sunar, M. S. (2019). Occluded Face Detection, Face in Niqab Dataset. Paper presented at the International Conference of Reliable Information and Communication Technology.
Bai, Y., Zhang, Y., Ding, M., & Ghanem, B. (2018). Finding tiny faces in the wild with generative adversarial network. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
Chen, Y., Song, L., & He, R. (2018). Adversarial Occlusion-aware Face Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.05188V6. 
Everingham, M., Eslami, S. A., Van Gool, L., Williams, C. K., Winn, J., & Zisserman, A. (2015). The pascal visual object classes challenge: A retrospective. International journal of computer vision, 111(1), 98-136. 
Ge, S., Li, J., Ye, Q., & Luo, Z. (2017). Detecting masked faces in the wild with lle-cnns. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition.
Ghiasi, G., & Fowlkes, C. C. (2015). Occlusion coherence: Detecting and localizing occluded faces. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.08347. 
Hjelmås, E., & Low, B. K. (2001). Face detection: A survey. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 83(3), 236-274. 
Hotta, K. (2007). Robust face detection under partial occlusion. Systems and Computers in Japan, 38(13), 39-48. 
Hou, Y.-L., & Pang, G. K. (2010). People counting and human detection in a challenging situation. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics-part a: systems and humans, 41(1), 24-33. 
Howard, A. G., Zhu, M., Chen, B., Kalenichenko, D., Wang, W., Weyand, T., . . . Adam, H. (2017). Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861. 
Hu, P., & Ramanan, D. (2017). Finding tiny faces. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).
Jain, V., & Learned-Miller, E. G. (2010). Fddb: A benchmark for face detection in unconstrained settings. UMass Amherst Technical Report. 
Jiang, H., & Learned-Miller, E. (2016). Face detection with the faster R-CNN. Paper presented at the 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017).
Kim, B., Ban, S.-W., & Lee, M. (2009). Multiple Occluded Face Detection Based on Binocular Saliency Map. Paper presented at the International Conference on Neural Information Processing.
Kim, J., Sung, Y., Yoon, S. M., & Park, B. G. (2005). A new video surveillance system employing occluded face detection. Paper presented at the International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems.
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2012). Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Paper presented at the Advances in neural information processing systems.
Li, H., Lin, Z., Shen, X., Brandt, J., & Hua, G. (2015). A convolutional neural network cascade for face detection. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition.
Liao, S., Jain, A. K., & Li, S. Z. (2016). A fast and accurate unconstrained face detector. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 38(2), 211-223. 
Lin, T.-Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., & Dollár, P. (2017). Focal loss for dense object detection. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision.
Lin, Y.-Y., Liu, T.-L., & Fuh, C.-S. (2007). Face Detection with Occlusions. Images & Recognition, 13(1), 4-21. 
Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C.-Y., & Berg, A. C. (2016). Ssd: Single shot multibox detector. Paper presented at the European conference on computer vision.
Masi, I., Wu, Y., Hassner, T., & Natarajan, P. (2018). Deep face recognition: A survey. Paper presented at the 2018 31st SIBGRAPI conference on graphics, patterns and images (SIBGRAPI).
Najibi, M., Samangouei, P., Chellappa, R., & Davis, L. S. (2017). Ssh: Single stage headless face detector. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.
Opitz, M., Waltner, G., Poier, G., Possegger, H., & Bischof, H. (2016). Grid loss: Detecting occluded faces. Paper presented at the European conference on computer vision.
Qezavati, H., Majidi, B., & Manzuri, M. T. (2019). Partially Covered Face Detection in Presence of Headscarf for Surveillance Applications. Paper presented at the 2019 4th International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (IPRIA).
Qin, H., Yan, J., Li, X., & Hu, X. (2016). Joint training of cascaded CNN for face detection. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
Ranjan, R., Patel, V. M., & Chellappa, R. (2017). Hyperface: A deep multi-task learning framework for face detection, landmark localization, pose estimation, and gender recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 41(1), 121-135. 
Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., & Farhadi, A. (2016). You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition.
Sakai, T., Nagao, M., & Kanade, T. (1972). Computer analysis and classification of photographs of human faces: Kyoto University.
Viola, P., & Jones, M. (2001). Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. Paper presented at the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2001. CVPR 2001. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on.
Wan, S., Chen, Z., Zhang, T., Zhang, B., & Wong, K.-k. (2016). Bootstrapping face detection with hard negative examples. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.02236. 
Wang, X., Han, T. X., & Yan, S. (2009). An HOG-LBP human detector with partial occlusion handling. Paper presented at the 2009 IEEE 12th international conference on computer vision.
Yang, M.-H., Kriegman, D. J., & Ahuja, N. (2002). Detecting faces in images: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(1), 34-58. 
Yang, S., Luo, P., Loy, C.-C., & Tang, X. (2016). Wider face: A face detection benchmark. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
Zafeiriou, S., Zhang, C., & Zhang, Z. (2015). A survey on face detection in the wild: past, present and future. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 138, 1-24. 
Zhang, J., Wu, X., Hoi, S. C., & Zhu, J. (2020). Feature agglomeration networks for single stage face detection. Neurocomputing, 380, 180-189.